Saturday, June 09, 2007

The King is Dead, Long Live the King!

After reading two books of modern theology which make unsubstantiated passing generalizations like they are pork for southern cooking, I felt I needed to slightly expand my grosse generalization about the coherence of constantinianism within a monarchy.

Now much of this statement is pure reactionary response to the anti-liberal-democratic rhetoric espoused by liberal democrats I know. I mean, what is an anarchist who pays taxes? A liberal.

The gestation for this thought came last year after reading Avery Cardinal Dulles' memoir where he spoke of a teacher he had at Harvard in the thirties who, upon being asked what he would do with a million dollars, immediately responded, "Give the money to Franco to buy tanks." This blew my liberal mind and opened up a new horizon, "what if the socialists in Spain weren't the righteous ones orwell and hemingway paint them out to be?"

I don't have a quick answer to that, the question opened up the possibility that there is a place for fascism, which is the heir of the Louis quatorzien absolute monarchy, and so with that brief preface, my briefer argument begins (like people from Michigan) in earnest.

Constantinianism is a pejorative epithet for a Christian state. The Christian state lasted (explicitly) for over a thousand years; longer than the Roman state it sprang from. There is a valid argument for the counter narrative of such works as the Martyr's Mirror, but there is also the issue which Christian's find within new readings of history of trying to move the date of the fall and challenge the power of the holy spirit. Now, my reactionary readings also have a difficult challenge of baptizing history and oppression, but I shall let someone else make that argument.

The coherence of constantinianism within a fascist or monarchist government is due to the fact that fascism and monarchy are based on communities. A fascist, even (to go a head and throw the bomb) hitler received his power from a community of people supporting him and a community Goebbels was able to continually deceive. Democracy (or the governments we have now, whatever they might better be called) are about pods, compartments, platforms, issues, topics, interests, profits, capital in the most pejorative sense. No matter how much it tries, from the time of Washington's farewell address, we have known that he virtue of democracy is in the ability of the individual to stand against factionalism. Now, whether this has happened much is a broader question, but America was founded on the optimism that we can be magnanimous. Washington did not become king of America because he believed in the possibility of humanity. This is why constantinianism fails in a democracy for it is rightfully cynical about humanity while democracy is the most optimistic. Democracy's feel like we can make choices, constantinianism says that the choice has been made by God, and for good or ill, it will be followed.

Oh, and Bush is not a fascist, he is a democrat of the worst stripe. He is a public deist (at least the language of his speeches) who thinks that the Christian God Billy Graham showed him has put him where he is, but he will soon be gone. Fascists aren't elected by less than a 98% majority, kings by 99%.

There are a lot of holes here, but push it. I am curious to see what will hold up and what will fall away. It is mostly provocation, but like the great provocation artist we have at Duke, it is not about tight theology put pushing us to faithfulness.

1 Comments:

Blogger DWL said...

I think this all depends on how one defines constantinianism. In the interest of clarity, I'll give the standard account here (Yoder and Hauerwas). The original form (Constantinianism) is the Roman Empire and its lingering vestiges. The derivative form perduring after Reformation is (Neo-Constanianism). The kind we experience in the United States is termed Neo-Neo-Constanianism.

[NOTE: It is ambiguous as to how to classify secularized countries that had/have national churches. E.g. the Church of England is still the national Church, but observance is no longer legally mandated; Phil and Craig's ecclesial head is a titular Lord who sits in Parliament and lives in a palance.)


This being said, let's look at the morphology of Constantinianism. As Wilson points out, Constantinianism trades on the attribution of divine sanction and significance to a geopolitical community. That is, some body other than the Church is considered to be God's chosen people, the bearer of the meaning of history, and the proleptic realization of the kingdom. In the era of Rome, the Church and the Empire are coterminus and synonymous. After Reformation, each idividual nation (and eventually nation-state) is considered as such. This is the case in both the Eurpoean states with legally established national churches and the US with our cultural establishment of Protestantism.

Wilson is right to point out that this is more transparently coherent in imperial, monarchical, and fascist states. However, it is not the case as Wilson implies that democratic states are not communities. Without belaboring the point and getting bogged down in a lot of complex theory, I'll say the following. While late modern Liberalism and Capitalism trade on disintegrating communities and isolating individuals, they strategically mobilize the nation in times of crisis for the purposes of perpetuating themselves and the nation-state in which they subsist.

So while the mechanisim the national community is constituted changes throughout the morphology, once constituted the operations of Constantinianism are the same. The sovereign (whether emperor, king, president, or parliament) is given divine sanction and the existence and perpetuity of the nation are both naturalized and sacralized. This being the case, religion is pressed into service to legitimize the existence and actions of the sovereign and state. It matters not whether this is done juridically or culturally.


Thus, we might consider the following constellation as a working definition for Constantinianism. Any sociopolitical setting in which sovereignty and national identity are directly or indirectly legitimized by religion is Constantinian.

10:37 PM  

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